i

 

Revista de Arquitectura aceita para inclusão na coleção SciELO Chile

 

Convocatória Revista de Arquitectura N.º 47

Formas de observar a sustentabilidade arquitetônica + TEMÁTICA LIVRE

Una investigación de los efectos del COVID-19 en los principios del diseño del espacio público en los casos de las plazas Beşiktaş, Kadiköy y Üsküdar en Estambul

Autores

Resumo

El proceso pandémico provocado por la epidemia del COVID-19, que afectó a todo el mundo y se propagó rápidamente, ha provocado que nuestros estilos de vida social cambien. En este estudio, se pretende examinar aplicaciones creadas con estilos de uso actuales, considerando los principios del diseño de espacios públicos que se han modificado por efecto de la pandemia en curso, así como investigar los efectos en los principios de diseño antes y después de esta. En este contexto, se realizó un trabajo de campo, detección in situ y un estudio de observación y fotografía con respecto a los principios definidos por Hartleben (2020), a saber: polifuncionalidad, ajuste holgado, redundancia, acceso en todos los niveles, modularidad, señalización, para garantizar que el acceso a tres plazas importantes en Estambul sea multidimensional, al tiempo que maximice la adaptación exitosa del espacio público a condiciones inesperadas. Como resultado de dicha investigación, los principios de polifuncionalidad seguidos de los de redundancia son los más afectados por los conceptos de distanciamiento social e higiene que ha dejado la pandemia. También se enfatizó en que los asuntos de adecuación de la distancia social y presencia del concepto de higiene deben agregarse a los principios existentes.

Palavras-chave:

COVID-19 Pandemic; urban square design; Public Realm; İstanbul; Social Distance

Referências

Agencies (March 18th, 2020). Rwanda installs portable washbasins at bus stops to contain Covid-19 [Photography]. The Economic Time. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/ wanda-installs-portable-washbasins-at-bus-stops-to-contain-covid-19/portable-sinks-and-hand-sanitizers/slideshow/74689038.cms

Afrin, S., Chowdhury, F.J., & Rahman, M. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic: Rethinking Strategies for Resilient Urban Design, Perceptions, and Planning. Front. Sustain. Cities, 3, 668263. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.668263

Aloi, A., Alonso, B., Benavente, J., Cordera, R., Echániz, E., González, F., Ladisa, C., Lezama-Romanelli, R., López-Parra, A., Mazzei, V., Perrucci, L., Prieto-Quintana, D., Rodríguez, A., & Sañudo, R. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban mobility: Empirical evidence from the city of Santander (Spain). Sustainability, 12(9), 3870. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093870

Brandon, E. V. (2020). 7 smart and simple ways cities can encourage social distancing in public spaces. City MonitoR. HTTPS://CITYMONItor.ai/community/smart-and-simple-ways-public-spaces-are-being-adapted-for-social-distancin’

C'entro. (2020). Fiberglass seating places [Image]. https://www.sbga.it/blog/design/centro

Cetin, C., & Karafaki, F. Ç. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemisi Sonrası Konut İç Mekan Ve Peyzaj Tasarımında Ulrich’in Destekleyici Tasarım Teorisi Yaklaşımı. Asya Studies, 5(17), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.946190

Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G. P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B. E., & Li, F. (2020). Returning Chinese school-aged children and adolescents to physical activity in the wake of COVID-19: Actions and precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(4), 322-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.003

Çılgın, K., Ergonul, S., Olgun, I., Dinç, S., & Turgut, E. (2020). Pandemide Kentsel Sistem: Yaşama, Çalışma ve Sosyalleşme Mekânlarında Yeni Standartlara Doğru. Spektrum_01. https://www.academia.edu/43408426/Spektrum_01_Pandemide_Kentsel_Sistem_

Cogley, B. (May 20th, 2020). White circles promote social distancing on DominoPark grass in New York City. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/20/social-distancing-circles-domino-park-brooklyn/

Collivignarelli, M. C., Abbà, A., Bertanza, G., Pedrazzani, R., Ricciardi, P., & Miino, M. C. (2020). Lockdown for CoViD-2019 in Milan: What are the effects on air quality? Science of the Total Environment, (732), 139280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139280

Combs, T. S., & Pardo, C. F. (2021). Shifting streets COVID-19 mobility data: Findings from a global dataset and a research agenda for transport planning and policy. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100322

“Corona” sonrası dünyada canlı müzik deneyimi: Arabalı konserler. (May 27th, 2020). Diken. https://www.diken.com.tr/corona-sonrasi-dunyada-canli-muzik-deneyimi-arabali-konserler/

Costamagna, F., Lind, R., & Stjernström, O. (2019). Livability of urban public spaces in northern Swedish cities: The case of Umeå. Planning Practice & Research, 34(2), 131-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2018.1548215

Cutieru, A. (December 18th, 2020). How Has Public Space Changed in 2020? Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/953517/How-Has-Public-Space-Changed-İn-2020

Dantas, G., Siciliano, B., França, B. B., da Silva, C. M., & Arbilla, G. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 partial lockdown on the air quality of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, (729), 139085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139085

Dinç, S. (2020). Localaşan yeni mekansallıklar. Spektum Tasarım Rehberi: Pandemide Kentsel Sistem Yaşama, Çalışma ve Sosyalleşme Mekanlarında Yeni Standartlara Doğru, 1, 31-33.

Dönmez, H. (July 2nd, 2020). Pandemi dosyası-1: Covid-19 ulaşım sistemlerini nasıl değiştiriyor? Wri Türkiye. https://wrisehirler.org/haberler/pandemi-dosyas%C4%B1-1-covid-19-ula%C5%9F%C4%B1m-sistemlerini-nas%C4%B1l-de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Ftiriyor

Ducharme, J. (February 4th, 2021). We May Never Eliminate COVID-19. But We Can Learn to Live With It. Time. https://time.com/5936034/life-after-covid-19-vaccine/

Ellin, N. (1999). Postmodern urbanism. Princeton Architectural Press.Eltarabily, S., & Elghezanwy, D. (2020). Post-pandemic cities-the impact of COVID-19 on cities and urban design. Architecture Research, 10(3), 75- https://doi.org/84. 10.5923/j.arch.20201003.02

Ensarioğlu, A. S. (2020). Pandemi sürecinin “evrensel tasarım” ilkelerine etkileri. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 7(55), 1673-1680. https://doi.org/10.26450/jshsr.1913

Erbaş, O. (2020). Covıd-19 Döneminde Hareketlilik: İstanbul Kent İçi Toplu Ulaşım. Kent Akademisi, 13(3), 431-442. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.779629

Fleury-Bahi, G., Pol, E., & Navarro, O. (Eds.) (2017). Introduction: Environmental psychology and quality of life. In Handbook of environmental psychology and quality of life research (pp. 1-8). Springer.

Francis, M. (2003). Urban open space: Designing for user needs. Island Press.

Freeman, S., & Eykelbosh, A. (2020). COVID-19 and outdoor safety: Considerations for use of outdoor recreational spaces. National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, 829. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340721289_COVID-19_and_outdoor_safety_Considerations_for_use_of_outdoor_recreational_spaces_Prepared_by

Future Lab (2020). Mi’an's Strade Aperte Plan[Image]. https://sites.wit.edu/future-lab/2020/06/09/strade-aperte-plan/

Gaol, F., Kadry, S., Taylor, M., & Li, P. (2014). Recent trends in social and behaviour sciences. CRC Press.

Gill, K., Van Hellemondt, I., Larsen, J. K., Keravel, S., Leger-Smith, A., Notteboom, B., & Rinaldi, B. M. (2020). Corona, the Compact City and Crises. Journal of Landscape Architecture, 15(1), 4-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2020.1792647

Gök B., & Erman, O (2021). Ara Mekânda Geçicilik: Covid-19’da Sosyalleşme Alanları. STAR Sanat ve Tasarım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 196-211. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/stardergisi/issue/66545/1010106

Gutiérrez, A., Miravet, D., & Domènech, A. (2020). COVID-19 and urban public transport services: emerging challenges and research agenda. Cities & Health, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1804291

Güvlü, G., & Yılmaz, H. N. (2021). Pandeminin Kamusal Mekan Kullanımlarına Etkisi ve Güncel Mekansal Oluşumlar. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (27), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.949168

Harrouk, C. (June 23rd, 2020). Socially Distant Outdoor Yoga Domes Invade the Open Spaces of Toronto. Arch Daily. https://www.archdaily.com/942247/socially-distant-outdoor-yoga-domes-invade-the-open-spaces-of-toronto

Hartleben, O. (July 23rd, 2020). Design Principles for a Successful Post-Pandemic Public Realm. IBI Group. https://www.ibigroup.com/ibi-insights/design-principles-for-a-successful-post-pandemic-public-realm/

Hertel, S. (2020). Rathausplatz Film Festival [Photography]. Heute. https://www.heute.at/s/film-festival-am-rathausplatz-ist-startklar-sowienie-100090037

Jasiński, A. (2020). Public space or safe space–remarks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technical Transactions, 117(1). https://doi.org/10.37705/TechTrans/e2020020

Jobe, J., & Griffin, G. P. (2021). Bike share responses to COVID-19. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 10, 100353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100353

Kaur, H., Singh, T., Arya, Y. K., & Mittal, S. (2020). Physical fitness and exercise during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative enquiry. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2943. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590172

Kern, P. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Cultural and Creative Sector (Report for the Council of Europe). Panteia. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/wipo_cr_covid_19_ge_22/wipo_cr_covid_19_ge_22_study.pdf

Lipovsky, C. (2021). Social distancing in the time of COVID-19: A case study from Australia. Academia Letters, 2. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL167

Luke, N. (May 20th, 2020). 6 Ways to Make City Streets Safer for Pedestrians. The City Fix. https://thecityfix.com/blog/6-ways-make-city-streets-safer-pedestrians-nikita-luke/?utm_source=linkedin&utm_medium=wri%20ross%20center%20for%20sustainable%20cities&utm_campaign=socialmedia&utm_term=3216daa3-fbbe-4b1a-a8c0-35da6fa502a7

Martins, A., & Shule, V. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts, culture, and heritage sectors in the African Union member states. International Journal of Cultural Property, 27(4), 477-480. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0940739121000047

Mwebesa, M. E., Yoh, K., & Doi, K. (2021). Developing the logical cross-sectoral framework of local SDGs project targeting safety and sustainability. IATSS research, 45(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2021.03.005

Nacto, & Global Designing Cities Initiative (2020). Pandemi Müdahalesi ve Toparlanma Sırasında Sokaklar. Author. https://globaldesigningcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Turkish_Combined-PDF.pdf

Nasar, J. L., & Evans-Cowley, J. (2007). Universal design and visitability: From accessibility to zoning. Ohio State University. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/24833/?sequence=2

O’ Connor, E. (May 7th, 2020). Publıc Space Plays Vıtal Role In Pandemıc. Gehl. https://gehlpeople.com/blog/public-space-plays-vital-role-in-pandemic/

Peçanha, T., Goessler, K. F., Roschel, H., & Gualano, B. (2020). Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic can increase physical inactivity and the global burden of cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 318(6), H1441-H1446. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00268.2020

Pucher, J., & Buehler, R. (2010). Walking and Cycling for Healthy Cities. Built Environment, 36(4), 391-414. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.36.4.391

Ravencroft, T. (April 16th, 2020). Precht designs Parc de la Distance for outdoor social distancing. Dezeen.https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/16/studio-precht-parc-de-la-distance-social-distancing-coronavirus/

Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Gascon, M., Perez-Leon, D., & Mudu, P. (2019). Green spaces and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3(11), e469-e477. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30215-3

Samuelsson, K., Barthel, S., Colding, J., Macassa, G., & Giusti, M. (2020). Urban nature as a source of resilience during social distancing amidst the coronavirus pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/3wx5a

Sepe, M. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and public spaces: improving quality and flexibility for healthier places. Urban Design International, 26(2), 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-021-00153-x

Shawket, I. M. (2020, September). Redefining urban public space's characters after COVID-19: empirical study on Egyptian residential spaces. In 2020 24th International Conference Information Visualization (IV) (pp. 614-619). IEEE.

Sipahi, P. (2020). Pandemi ve Kamusal Mekan. Yapı Dergisi. https://yapidergisi.com/pandemi-ve-kamusal-mekan/

Slater, S. J., Christiana, R. W., & Gustat, J. (2020). Recommendations for keeping parks and green space accessible for mental and physical health during COVID-19 and other pandemics. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200204

Story, M. F., Mueller, J. L., & Mace, R. L. (1998). The universal design file: Designing for people of all ages and abilities. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED460554

StreetLab. (2022). Play NYC. https://www.streetlab.org/programming-nyc-public-space/play/

Teixeira, J. F., & Lopes, M. (2020). The link between bike sharing and subway use during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case-study of New York's Citi Bike. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 6, 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100166

Van Melik, R., & Filion, P. (Eds.). (2021). Volume 3: Public Space and Mobility. Policy Press.

Varışlı, B., & Gültekin, T. (2020). Yaşlı Ayrımcılığının Pandemi Hali: COVID-19 Sürecinde Kuşaklararası Etkileşimin Dönüşümü. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1227-1237. https://doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.44376

Varol, E., & Öksüz, A. M. (2021). Kamusal Alanların Mekân Kalitesi ve Salgın İlişkisi: Covid-19 ve Etkileri. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 18-35. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/neujfa/issue/65575/1016236

Venter, Z. S., Barton, D. N., Gundersen, V., Figari, H., & Nowell, M. (2020). Urban nature in a time of crisis: recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. Environmental Research Letters, 15(10), 104075. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb396

Yeang, L. D. (2000). Urban design compendium. English Partnerships.